We investigated whether T cell responses and antigen-presenting cell (APC) requirements in gut-draining lymph nodes differ by antigen source, diet versus epithelium. Using mice fed ovalbumin (OVA) or expressing secreted (s), cytosolic (c), or transmembrane ™ epithelial OVA, we compared OVA-specific T cell fates. At baseline and after reovirus infection, T cell responses were comparable across models. However, helminth infection induced Th2 cell polarization in sOVA and tmOVA but not cOVA or OVA-fed mice. BATF3 APCs were indispensable for CD4 T cell proliferation only in cOVA mice yet drove Treg cell differentiation across all epithelial OVA models. In contrast, antigen presentation by RORgammatMHC-II APCs was exclusively required for Treg cell induction by dietary OVA. These distinct APC dependencies correlated with susceptibility to pathology elicited by dietary versus epithelial self-antigens. Thus, antigen origin and presentation context are integrated to shape T cell fate, a new framework for predicting gut immune outcomes.
Neural manifolds that orchestrate walking and stopping
Walking, stopping and maintaining posture are essential motor behaviors, yet the underlying neural processes remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate neural activity behind locomotion and