Cost Trade-offs of Reasoning and Non-Reasoning Large Language Models in Text-to-SQL

arXiv:2512.22364v2 Announce Type: replace-cross
Abstract: While Text-to-SQL systems achieve high accuracy, existing efficiency metrics like the Valid Efficiency Score prioritize execution time, a metric we show is fundamentally decoupled from consumption-based cloud billing. This paper evaluates cloud query execution cost trade-offs between reasoning and non-reasoning Large Language Models by performing 180 Text-to-SQL query executions across six LLMs on Google BigQuery using the 230 GB StackOverflow dataset. Our analysis reveals that reasoning models process 44.5% fewer bytes than non-reasoning counterparts while maintaining equivalent correctness at 96.7% to 100%, and that execution time correlates weakly with query cost at $r=0.16$, indicating that speed optimization does not imply cost efficiency. Non-reasoning models also exhibit extreme cost variance of up to 3.4$times$, producing outliers exceeding 36 GB per query, over 20$times$ the best model’s 1.8 GB average, due to missing partition filters and inefficient joins. We identify these prevalent inefficiency patterns and provide deployment guidelines to mitigate financial risks in cost-sensitive enterprise environments.