Magnetoencephalography reveals adaptive neural reorganization maintaining lexical-semantic proficiency in healthy aging

Although semantic cognition remains behaviorally stable with age, neuroimaging studies report age-related alterations in response to semantic context. We aimed to reconcile these inconsistent findings

Excitatory nicotinic signaling drives action potential bursting in dopaminergic axons

Axons of dopamine (DA) neurons express nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) that have been shown to both facilitate and suppress striatal DA release, but the mechanisms underlying

Why motor learning involves multiple systems: an algorithmic perspective

The initial stage of learning motor skills involves exploring vast action spaces, making it impractical to learn the value of every possible action independently. This

Dual cholinergic mechanisms for sculpting striatal dopamine in vivo

Striatal dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine constitute a computationally powerful neuromodulatory dyad that orchestrates action selection, motivational vigor, and reward learning. Striatal cholinergic interneurons (CINs) synapse

Real-Time Segmentation and Classification of Birdsong Syllables for Learning Experiments

Songbirds are essential animal models for studying neuronal and behavioral mechanisms of learned vocalizations. Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata domestica) songs contain a limited number of

Relationship between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) ambient air pollution exposure to cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in adults from MEDELLIN cohort study, 2022-2023

December 20, 2025

Background: Air pollution caused by fine particles has been recognized as a significant environmental risk factor. Over the past two decades, there has been a substantial increase in evidence on the impact of air pollutants on mortality and morbidity in vulnerable groups, such as children under 5 years of age, people over 60 years of age, and people with comorbidities, primarily in low- and middle-income countries. However, most studies have focused on nosologically identified respiratory and cardiovascular events. Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between PM2.5 ambient air pollution exposure and -physical fitness (PF), an attribute that determines an individual’s physical performance and general health, in adults from Medellin, Colombia. Methods: A cross-sectional nested cohort study was conducted to establish exposure to PM2.5 by each participant’s residence address. Physical fitness was assessed using the Dundee step test, sit-to-stand muscle power test, and grip strength. Multiple linear regression models adjusted for personal medical history were constructed to evaluate the study relationship. Results: 320 participants were included, with an average age of 60 +/- 8.7 years and an annual PM2.5 ambient air pollution of 18.9 +/- 1.75 microg/m3. People with PM2.5 exposures above the 75th percentile showed greater use of the heart rate reserve (beta coefficient= 7.11; 95%CI 1.11-13.12) and better relative muscle power (beta coefficient= 0.50; 95%CI 0.23). -0.77) and grip strength (beta coefficient= 3.59; 95%CI 1.63-5.56). Conclusions: This is the first study to explore the relationship between ambient PM2.5 ambient air pollution and cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in a Latin American city. Our results indicate that people with greater exposure to PM2.5 have worse cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and better muscular fitness (MF).

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