Objective In this pre-registered study, we aimed to explore the protein leverage hypothesis in a general population, by studying the relationship between habitual dietary protein intake, total energy intake, and body mass index (BMI), and whether proportion of ultra-processed food (UPF) was associated with any of these variables. Methods We used regression-based analyses to investigate these phenomena in cross-sectional data from a Norwegian population-based study, the seventh survey of Tromsoe Study 2015-2016, (n = 11,152; 40-99 years). Results Total energy intake was negatively associated with proportion of dietary protein (L = -0.36, p < .001) and positively associated with dietary fat (L = 0.33, p < .001). The relationship between BMI and dietary protein was positive but small (b = 0.01, p < .001). Proportion of UPFs was positively associated with total energy intake (b = 554, p < .001), negatively associated with proportion of dietary protein (b = -2.0, p < .001), and positively associated with BMI (b = 0.011, p = .026). Conclusions In summary, our study of middle-to-older aged Norwegians provides strong support for a protein leverage effect on energy intake but no evidence for an effect of protein leverage on BMI.
Neural manifolds that orchestrate walking and stopping
Walking, stopping and maintaining posture are essential motor behaviors, yet the underlying neural processes remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate neural activity behind locomotion and