Objectives The widespread use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA) has become a defining feature of modern conflict, with devastating consequences for civilians. Practical guidance on civilian sheltering during explosive attacks remains limited, inconsistent, and lacking in scientific evidence. This study explored the current landscape of shelter guidance through the perspectives of humanitarian practitioners working in EWIPA contexts. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 practitioners from international NGOs, Red Cross societies, and agencies engaged in risk education, emergency response, and conflict monitoring. Participants were purposively selected for operational experience in EWIPA-affected regions. Interviews explored four domains: guidance content, information sources, dissemination channels, and implementation challenges. Data were analyzed using a hybrid inductive-deductive approach. Results Practitioners described a range of sheltering messages, from general cues like ‘find cover’ to specific techniques including low-profile positioning. Most guidance drew on field experience and expert consensus rather than empirical research. Dissemination strategies varied by context. Challenges included message distortion, difficulty engaging high-risk groups, and the absence of standardized recommendations. Conclusions Current civilian shelter guidance in EWIPA contexts is fragmented and lacks an evidence base. Findings highlight the need for coordinated, context-specific, and evidence-informed approaches to strengthen civilian protection.
OptoLoop: An optogenetic tool to probe the functional role of genome organization
The genome folds inside the cell nucleus into hierarchical architectural features, such as chromatin loops and domains. If and how this genome organization influences the