Metabolic dysfunction – associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has a high global prevalence, requiring effective therapeutic options. This study investigated the effects of liraglutide and kombucha, alone and in combination, in a murine model of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced MASLD. Metabolic parameters, body composition, liver histology, lipid profile, and markers of lipophagy were evaluated. The results demonstrate that liraglutide reduced body weight, fat mass, and lean mass, as well as food and caloric intake, fasting blood glucose, hepatic triglycerides (TG), steatosis, and fibrosis, improved the lipid profile and glucose tolerance, and increased lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) expression in the liver. Kombucha reduced lean mass, liver steatosis, hepatic TG, food and caloric intake, fasting blood glucose, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and liver fibrosis, in addition to improving glucose tolerance. However, the combination of treatments did not show synergistic effects superior to those of liraglutide alone. Although liraglutide independently impacted LAL expression, none of the other lipophagy markers were modulated in the liver, suggesting that the beneficial mechanisms of action are independent of the lipophagy pathway. It is concluded that both liraglutide and kombucha are valid strategies for mitigating MASLD, but the combination does not offer superior advantages over liraglutide monotherapy.
The Hidden Power of Normalization: Exponential Capacity Control in Deep Neural Networks
arXiv:2511.00958v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Normalization methods are fundamental components of modern deep neural networks (DNNs). Empirically, they are known to stabilize optimization dynamics and