Background: Despite established relationship between atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD), evidence on subclinical atherosclerosis and its differential associations with premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) versus late-onset coronary artery disease (LCAD) remains limited. Aims: This study aims to delve deeper into the associations between subclinical atherosclerosis and the incidence risk of both PCAD and LCAD. Methods: Using UK Biobank data, we identified PCAD (male <55/female <65 years; n=7,398) and LCAD (male ?55/female ?65 years; n=39,085) cohorts. Conditional inference tree classification optimized carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) stratification in both cohorts. Results: Conditional inference tree categorized the PCAD cohort into two subgroups: cIMT ?700?m and cIMT >700?m, with the latter demonstrating a HR of 2.079 for cardiovascular risk. In the LCAD cohort, four cIMT strata were identified: ? 620?m, 620?763?m (HR=1.401), 763?1054?m (HR=1.810), and >1054?m (HR=2.850). Multivariable-adjusted Cox models demonstrated significant associations between subclinical atherosclerosis and PCAD (HR=2.079, 95%CI:1.477-2.925) and LCAD (HR=1.776, 95%CI:1.455-2.169), highlighting the prognostic value of cIMT stratification in coronary artery disease risk assessment. Conclusions:A UK Biobank prospective cohort study revealed subclinical atherosclerosis significantly associated with PCAD and LCAD risks. Even within conventional cIMT "safe thresholds", incremental increases predicted elevated risks, underscoring limitations of current thresholds. Future research need to develop multimodal frameworks integrating dynamic cIMT trajectories to refine risk stratification and early interventions.
Neural manifolds that orchestrate walking and stopping
Walking, stopping and maintaining posture are essential motor behaviors, yet the underlying neural processes remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate neural activity behind locomotion and