arXiv:2604.02217v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Understanding how Large Language Models (LLMs) process information from prompts remains a significant challenge. To shed light on this “black box,” attention visualization techniques have been developed to capture neuron-level perceptions and interpret how models focus on different parts of input data. However, many existing techniques are tailored to specific […]

arXiv:2604.02226v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Reinforcement learning (RL) agents often struggle with out-of-distribution (OOD) scenarios, leading to high uncertainty and random behavior. While language models (LMs) contain valuable world knowledge, larger ones incur high computational costs, hindering real-time use, and exhibit limitations in autonomous planning. We introduce Adaptive Safety through Knowledge (ASK), which combines smaller […]

arXiv:2604.02276v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Regulatory documents encode legally binding obligations that LLM-based systems must respect. Yet converting dense, hierarchically structured legal text into machine-readable rules remains a costly, expert-intensive process. We present De Jure, a fully automated, domain-agnostic pipeline for extracting structured regulatory rules from raw documents, requiring no human annotation, domain-specific prompting, or […]

Accelerating the development of enzymatic degradation of polyesters such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) requires a rapid and parallelizable detection method. We developed a protein-based biosensor for the fast and accurate quantification of the PET and PBT degradation product, terephthalate (TPA), which we named TPAsense. Engineering TPAsense required overcoming low thermal stability […]

The vertebrate head is defined by complex sensory structures derived from cranial placodes. Placodes arise alongside the neural crest at the neural plate border, yet the mechanisms governing their identity, diversification, and evolutionary origins are unclear. We present an integrated single-cell, spatial, and clonal atlas of placode development to resolve the dynamics of their lineage […]

Objectives Publicly available datasets dedicated to clinical speech deidentification tasks remain scarce due to privacy constraints and the complexity of speech-level annotation. To address this gap, we compiled the SREDH-AICup sensitive health information (SHI) speech corpus, a time-aligned clinical speech dataset annotated across 38 SHI categories. Methods Two publicly available English medical-domain datasets were adapted […]

Although nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) metabolism is fundamental for cancer cell survival, the role of the de novo NAD biosynthetic pathway, particularly in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), remains largely unknown. Here, we describe a non-canonical role for the rate-limiting enzyme in de novo NAD+ biosynthesis, quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRT), in NSCLC progression. We show that […]

Introduction People with bipolar disorder (BD) and concurrent opioid use disorder (OUD) experience more severe clinical outcomes, including higher mortality, treatment complexity, and worse psychiatric symptoms, yet they are underserved due to a lack of tailored clinical guidelines and limited supporting research on competing treatment options. While pharmacological treatments for BD are well-established, their use […]

HIV persistence during suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains a central barrier to cure, with the majority of reservoirs residing in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT). Here, we define a spatially organized viral microenvironment (VME) that sustains reservoir durability and governs early viral rebound by comparing animals initiating ART early after infection (transient reservoirs) versus late (persistent […]

1. Phenological shifts are a major ecological consequence of climate change, yet studies often focus on single life stages meaning that the potential for carryover effects between life stages remains poorly understood. Failing to account for these effects may lead to inaccurate estimates of phenological shifts, with consequences for predicted synchrony among interacting species. This […]

Tuberculosis (TB) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children and adolescents, causing 172,000 deaths in 2024 in children and adolescents worldwide. Diagnostic challenges are pronounced in pediatrics, in which collecting respiratory specimens is challenging and TB is often paucibacillary, leading to delayed diagnosis and increased mortality. We describe the protocol and methodology […]

Background Hospital admissions for mental health (MH) and stress related presentations (SRP; symptoms without a clear medical cause which may be psychosomatic in nature) among children and young people (CYP) have risen over time. Rehospitalisation contributes to service costs, may indicate gaps in community based care, and can also disrupt education and social development. Methods […]