Age-Specific Associations Between eHealth Literacy and Sleep Quality Among Adults: Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Young and middle-aged adults are vulnerable to poor sleep quality. eHealth literacy, defined as the ability to effectively access and use digital health information, has been linked to improved health behaviors and may promote better sleep outcomes. However, its relationship with sleep quality remains unclear, especially across age groups. Age-related disparities in eHealth literacy may contribute to a digital health divide in sleep outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to examine the relationship between eHealth literacy and sleep quality among adults aged 18–59 years in Shanghai, as well as explore age-stratified effects. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between October and December 2022 in three districts of Shanghai, with seven community health service centers randomly selected. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling to complete an online survey. eHealth literacy was assessed using the eHealth Literacy Scale, and sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Covariates included sociodemographic characteristics, health status, and health behaviors. Logistic regression models were applied to examine the relationship between eHealth literacy and sleep quality, with stratified analyses conducted by age (emerging adults [18-29 years], established adults [30-45 years], and middle-aged adults [46-59 years]). Results: A total of 1,810 participants completed the survey. The prevalence of poor sleep quality was 37.9%. Participants with eHealth literacy scores in the P25–P75 range (OR = 1.594, 95% CI: 1.216-2.089) and below P25 (OR = 1.584, 95% CI: 1.149-2.182) had a significantly higher likelihood of reporting poor sleep quality compared to those with scores above P75. Age-stratified analysis indicated that this association was significant only among emerging adults (OR [95% CI] = 2.491 [1.133-5.479] for P25–P75; OR [95% CI] = 2.975 [1.230-7.195] for < P25) and established adults (OR [95% CI] = 1.439 [1.001-2.067] for P25–P75). Conclusions: This study found that eHealth literacy was associated with sleep quality among younger participants but not middle-aged adults, highlighting the digital health divide in sleep health. These findings suggest that enhancing eHealth literacy may serve as an effective strategy for improving sleep outcomes. However, to ensure equitable health outcomes, interventions should be tailored to address the age-specific needs and varying levels of digital access across different groups.