arXiv:2512.15979v2 Announce Type: replace-cross
Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in empirical software engineering (ESE) to automate or assist annotation tasks such as labeling commits, issues, and qualitative artifacts. Yet the reliability and reproducibility of such annotations remain underexplored. Existing studies often lack standardized measures for reliability, calibration, and drift, and frequently omit essential configuration details. We argue that LLM-based annotation should be treated as a measurement process rather than a purely automated activity. In this position paper, we outline the textbfOperationalization for LLM-based Annotation Framework (OLAF), a conceptual framework that organizes key constructs: textitreliability, calibration, drift, consensus, aggregation, and textittransparency. The paper aims to motivate methodological discussion and future empirical work toward more transparent and reproducible LLM-based annotation in software engineering research.
