There is more to musculotendon path modeling than aligning a cable to reflect the geometric features of a muscle-tendon unit. From the perspective of simulation accuracy, the key is to replicate the length- and moment arm-joint angle relations of the target muscle. In this study, we propose an effect-oriented approach of automated path modeling, via the hybrid calibration based on muscle surface mesh and moment arm. The task is formulated as an optimization problem with a threefold objective for the path to: 1) pass through multiple ellipses representing muscle cross-sections, 2) yield moment arms that match experimental measurements, and 3) yield moment arms with the designated signs. The performance of our optimization framework is demonstrated with the musculoskeletal surface mesh from the Visible Human Male and moment arm datasets from literature–producing 42 paths that are anatomically realistic and biomechanically accurate in 20.1 min. Our optimization framework is gradient-specified, which is faster and more accurate than using the default numerical gradient, making it applicable for large-scale subject-specific uses.
Adaptation to free-living drives loss of beneficial endosymbiosis through metabolic trade-offs
Symbioses are widespread (1) and underpin the function of diverse ecosystems (2-6), but their evolutionary stability is challenging to explain (7,8). Fitness trade-offs between con-trasting