Tissues and organs in living organisms represent centimeter-scale hierarchical architectures comprising nano- to microscale, uniaxially aligned extracellular matrix (ECM) fibres with high mechanical strength, integrated with cellular components, as exemplified in tendon, skin, cartilage, bone, and blood vessels. Here, we present a liquid-liquid interfacial spinning method to produce highly uniaxially aligned, centimeter-scale collagen fibres. The dried fibres exhibit exceptional mechanical properties, with fracture strength of 280 MPa, Young’ s modulus of 6 GPa, and toughness of 17 MJ m-3, comparable to spider silk and tendon collagen, and exceeding supramolecular and double-network hydrogels. Incorporating living cells into the collagen solution yielded centimeter-scale, cell-laden aligned fibres, with densely adherent, uniaxially aligned cells and over 80% viability. Myoblast-laden fibres recapitulate biological features of fibrotic muscle tissues, as observed in type II diabetes. Interfacial collagen assembly further enables fabrication of dimension-controlled constructs, like 2D sheets, 0D capsules, and 1D tubes, thus providing modular building blocks for centimeter-scale 3D tissues and organ-like structures. This approach offers a versatile platform to engineer mechanically robust, cell-laden tissues with controlled hierarchical architecture.
Crisis support teams’ technological openness and learning attitudes toward the AI based virtual patient system crisis support VR
BackgroundAgainst the backdrop of escalating global humanitarian crises, innovative didactic simulations are becoming increasingly important. A promising alternative to traditional classroom-based didactics for learning psychological