Drivers of antimicrobial prescriptions in hospitals from Asian low, middle and high income countries and implications for antibiotic stewardship

Background Antibiotic use is prevalent in hospitals, driving the emergence of drug-resistant pathogens. We investigated the contextual influences on antibiotic prescribing behaviour across hospitals in high, middle, and low-income countries in Asia with an aim to provide actionable insights to improve prescribing behaviour. Methods We conducted a large qualitative study across ten institutions in Singapore, Nepal, and Thailand. Semi-structured interviews and ethnographic observations involving physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and management staff were conducted. Data were analysed thematically using QSR NVivo 14. Findings A total of 194 interviews were conducted amongst physicians (54middle dot1%), nurses (19middle dot6%), pharmacists (12middle dot4%), and management staff (13middle dot9%). Structural factors such as limited microbiology laboratory capabilities, concerns about antibiotic quality, weak infection prevention and control policies, and the lack of relevant, updated guidelines were prominent drivers for prolonged and broad-spectrum antibiotics prescriptions. Where these system supports were in place, prescribing decisions were less defensive and more targeted, although prescriber responsibility and concerns about immediate patient deterioration continued to influence practice. Across settings, clinicians tended to prioritise short-term perceived benefits of antibiotic treatment over the longer-term risks of antimicrobial resistance.