EXOTIC: An Exact, Optimistic, Tree-Based Algorithm for Min-Max Optimization

arXiv:2508.12479v2 Announce Type: replace-cross
Abstract: Min-max optimization arises in many domains such as game theory, adversarial machine learning, etc. For these problems, gradient-based methods are well understood and enjoy strong guarantees. However, in the absence of convexity or concavity, existing approaches study convergence to an approximate saddle point or first-order stationary points, which may be arbitrarily far from global optima. In this work, we present an algorithmic framework for computing the global minimax value in convex–non-concave and non-convex–concave min-max optimization. For convex–non-concave min-max problems, we use a reformulation that transforms the problem into a non-concave–convex max-min optimization problem with suitably defined feasible sets and objective function. This reformulation can be viewed as an extension of Sion’s minimax theorem to the convex–non-concave setting. We then introduce EXOTIC — an Exact, Optimistic, Tree-based algorithm for solving the reformulated max-min problem. EXOTIC combines an iterative convex optimization solver for the inner minimization with an optimistic hierarchical tree search for the outer maximization, inspired by StroquOOL~citebartlett2019simple. Unlike StroquOOL, which assumes stochastic zero-mean noisy evaluations, EXOTIC handles deterministic, biased, and budget-dependent evaluation errors arising from finite-time solutions of the inner convex subproblems. We establish an upper bound on its optimality gap. The same framework also applies to non-convex–concave min-max optimization. Empirically, EXOTIC outperforms gradient-based methods on popular benchmarks from the literature. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of EXOTIC by computing security strategies in multi-player games with three or more players — a computationally challenging task that, to our knowledge, no prior method solves exactly.