Plant viruses have evolved diverse strategies to facilitate their movement and survival within the host. Among them, geminiviruses co-opt host cellular machinery to replicate and disseminate. Traditionally, viral propagation has been associated with intercellular symplastic trafficking mediated by plasmodesmata and viral movement proteins. However, recent evidence demonstrated that the plant RNA virus turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) components are associated with extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are membrane-bound structures secreted to the extracellular space to potentially mediate several plant-pathogen interactions such as cross-kingdom RNA interference or the delivery of stress response proteins. In animals, EVs facilitate viral transmission both within the host and across species, but knowledge about their potential roles in plant viral infection is scarce. In this study, we demonstrate that EVs isolated from geminivirus-infected plants contain complete viral genomes and both capsid and viral movement proteins. Furthermore, these EV fractions were demonstrated to be infectious when mechanically inoculated onto naIve plants. This discovery suggests that EVs may serve as alternative carriers for geminivirus components, enabling long-range transport or potentially modulating host immune responses, and highlights geminiviral capacity to transverse membrane boundaries, essential for circulative arbovirus propagation in their insect vectors.
Crisis support teams’ technological openness and learning attitudes toward the AI based virtual patient system crisis support VR
BackgroundAgainst the backdrop of escalating global humanitarian crises, innovative didactic simulations are becoming increasingly important. A promising alternative to traditional classroom-based didactics for learning psychological